Data Sources

Mate, B. R., Lagerquist, B. A. & Calambokidis, J. Movements of North Pacific Blue Whales During the Feeding Season Off Southern California and Their Southern Fall Migration. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 15, 1246–1257 (1999). 

Bailey, H., Mate, B. R., Palacios, D. M., Irvine, L., Bograd, S. J. & Costa, D. P. Behavioural estimation of blue whale movements in the Northeast Pacific from state-space model analysis of satellite tracks. Endanger. Species Res. 10, 93–106 (2010). 

Irvine, L. M., Mate, B. R., Winsor, M. H., Palacios, D. M., Bograd, S. J., Costa, D. P. & Bailey, H. Spatial and temporal occurrence of blue whales off the U.S. West Coast, with implications for management. PLoS One 9, (2014). 

Mate, B.R. Palacios, D.M. Baker, C.S. Lagerquist, B.A. Irvine, L.M. Follett, T. Steel, D. Hayslip, C.E. Winsor, M.H. Baleen Whale Tagging in Support of Marine Mammal Monitoring Across Multiple Navy Training Areas Covering the Years 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Final Report Prepared for Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet. Submitted to Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pacific, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under Contract No. N62470-15-8006-17F4016 issued to HDR, Inc., San Diego, California. (2018). 

Oregon State University, unpublished. Tagged in California, USA (2014-2017).

Hucke-Gaete, R., Bedri ana-Romano, L., Viddi, F. A., Ruiz, J. E., Torres-Florez, J. P. & Zerbini, A. N. From Chilean Patagonia to Galapagos, Ecuador: Novel insights on blue whale migratory pathways along the Eastern South Pacific. PeerJ 2018, 1–22 (2018).

Bedri ana-Romano, L., Hucke-Gaete, R., Viddi, F. A., Johnson, D., Zerbini, A. N., Morales, J., Mate, B. & Palacios, D. M. Defining priority areas for blue whale conservation and investigating overlap with vessel traffic in Chilean Patagonia, using a fast-fitting movement model. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–16 (2021).

Silva, M. A., Prieto, R., Jonsen, I., Baumgartner, M. F. & Santos, R. S. North Atlantic blue and fin whales suspend their spring migration to forage in middle latitudes: building up energy reserves for the journey? PLoS One 8, e76507 (2013).

Silva, M. A., Jonsen, I., Russell, D. J. F., Prieto, R., Thompson, D. & Baumgartner, M. F. Assessing performance of Bayesian state-space models fit to Argos satellite telemetry locations processed with Kalman filtering. PLoS One 9, e92277 (2014).

Prieto, R., Silva, M. A. & Waring, G. T. Sei whale movements and behaviour in the North Atlantic inferred from satellite telemetry. Endanger. Species Res. (2014). at https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v26/n2/p103-113/

Lydersen, C., Vacqui -Garcia, J., Heide-J rgensen, M. P.,  ien, N., Guinet, C. & Kovacs, K. M. Autumn movements of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from Svalbard, Norway, revealed by satellite tracking. Sci. Rep. 10, 16966 (2020).

Unpublished

Sepúlveda, M., Pérez-Álvarez, M. J., Santos-Carvallo, M., Pavez, G., Olavarría, C., Moraga, R. & Zerbini, A. N. From whaling to whale watching: Identifying fin whale critical foraging habitats off the Chilean coast. Aquat. Conserv. 28, 821–829 (2018).

Cotté, C., Guinet, C., Taupier-Letage, I. & Mate, B. Scale-dependent habitat use by a large free-ranging predator, the Mediterranean fin whale. Deep Sea Res. Part I (2009).

Cotté, C.,d’Ovidio, F., Chaigneau, A., Lévy, M., Taupier-Letage, I., Mate, B. & Guinet, C. Scale-dependent interactions of Mediterranean whales with marine dynamics. Limnol. Oceanogr. 56, 219–232 (2011).

Panigada, S., Donovan, G. P., Druon, J. N., Lauriano, G., Pierantonio, N., Pirotta, E., Zanardelli, M., Zerbini, A. N. & Di Sciara, G. N. Satellite tagging of Mediterranean fin whales: Working towards the identification of critical habitats and the focussing of mitigation measures. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–12 (2017).

Lydersen, C., Vacqui -Garcia, J., Heide-J rgensen, M. P.,  ien, N., Guinet, C. & Kovacs, K. M. Autumn movements of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from Svalbard, Norway, revealed by satellite tracking. Sci. Rep. 10, 16966 (2020).

Unpublished

Mate, B. R., Gisiner, R. & Mobley, J. Local and migratory movements of Hawaiian humpback whales tracked by satellite telemetry. Can. J. Zool. (1998).

Mate, B., Mesecar, R. & Lagerquist, B. The evolution of satellite-monitored radio tags for large whales: One laboratory’s experience. Deep Sea Res. Part 2 Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 54, 224–247 (2007).

Tagged in Hawaii. Years: 1994-2000

Lagerquist, B. A., Mate, B. R., Ortega-Ortiz, J. G., Winsor, M. & Urb n-Ramirez, J. Migratory movements and surfacing rates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) satellite tagged at Socorro Island, Mexico. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 24, 815–830 (2008).

Oregon State University, unpublished. Tagged in Baja California, Mexico, N=6. (1998).

Mate, B., Mesecar, R. & Lagerquist, B. The evolution of satellite-monitored radio tags for large whales: One laboratory’s experience. Deep Sea Res. Part 2 Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 54, 224–247 (2007).

Palacios, D.M., B.R. Mate, C.S. Baker, C.E. Hayslip, T.M. Follett, D. Steel, B.A. Lagerquist, L.M. Irvine, and M.H. Winsor. Tracking North Pacific Humpback Whales To Unravel Their Basin-Wide Movements. Final Technical Report. Prepared for Pacific Life Foundation. Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University. Newport, Oregon, USA. 30 June 2019. 58 pp. doi:10.5399/osu/1117. (2019). https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/technical_reports/z890s0924

Oregon State University, unpublished. Tagged in SE Alaska. Years: 1997, 2014, 2015

Rosenbaum, H. C., Maxwell, S. M., Kershaw, F. & Mate, B. Long-Range Movement of Humpback Whales and Their Overlap with Anthropogenic Activity in the South Atlantic Ocean. Conserv. Biol. 28, 604–615 (2014).

Tagged in Gabon. N = 13 individuals. N = 2 individuals from Reisinger et al (2021) below.

Reisinger RR, Friedlaender AS, Zerbini AN, Palacios DM, Andrews-Goff V, Dalla Rosa L, Double M, Findlay K, Garrigue C, How J, Jenner C, Jenner M-N, Mate B, Rosenbaum HC, Seakamela SM, and Constantine R. Combining regional habitat selection models for large-scale prediction: circumpolar habitat selection of Southern Ocean humpback whales. Remote Sensing (2021).

Willson, A., Leslie, M., Baldwin, R., Cerchio, S., Childerhouse, S., Collins, T., Findlay, K., Genov, T., Godley, B. J., Al Harthi, S., Macdonald, D. W., Minton, G., Zerbini, A. & Witt, M. J. Update on satellite telemetry studies and first unoccupied aerial vehicle assisted health assessment studies of Arabian Sea humpback whales off the coast of Oman. Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Bled, Slovenia: International Whaling Commission. (2018).

Cerchio, S., Trudelle, L., Zerbini, A. N., Charrassin, J. B., Geyer, Y., Mayer, F. X., Andrianarivelo, N., Jung, J. L., Adam, O. & Rosenbaum, H. C. Satellite telemetry of humpback whales off Madagascar reveals insights on breeding behavior and longrange movements within the southwest Indian Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 562, 193–209 (2016).

Trudelle, L., Cerchio, S., Zerbini, A. N., Geyer, Y., Mayer, F.-X., Jung, J.-L., Herv , M. R., Pous, S., Sall e, J.-B., Rosenbaum, H. C., Adam, O. & Charrassin, J.-B. Influence of environmental parameters on movements and habitat utilization of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae ) in the Madagascar breeding ground. Royal Society Open Science 3, 160616 (2016).

Dulau, V., Pinet, P., Geyer, Y., Fayan, J., Mongin, P., Cottarel, G., Zerbini, A. & Cerchio, S. Continuous movement behavior of humpback whales during the breeding season in the southwest Indian Ocean: on the road again! Mov Ecol 5, 11 (2017).

Andrews-Goff, V., Double, M., Moller, L., Attard, C., Bilgmann, K., Jonsen, I. and Paton, D. Switching state space model for pygmy blue whale satellite tag derived locations, Ver. 1. Australian Antarctic Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.26179/5e671120e52b4 (2020).
https://data.aad.gov.au/metadata/records/AAS_4101_pygmy_blue_whale_SSSM

Andrews-Goff, V., Double, M. and Gales, N. Filtered Argos location data for pygmy blue whales 2009 and 2011, Ver. 1, Australian Antarctic Data Centre - doi:10.4225/15/5af3cbf350bf0, (2018).
https://data.aad.gov.au/metadata/records/AAS_2941_blue_whale_Argos_sda_filter_tracks

Mate, B. R., Best, P. B., Lagerquist, B. A. & Winsor, M. H. Coastal, offshore, and migratory movements of South African right whales revealed by satellite telemetry. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 27, 455–476 (2011).

Andrews-Goff, V., Double, M., Mckay, A., & Bailleul, F. Argos location data for southern right whales satellite tagged off New Zealand and South Australia, Ver. 1. Australian Antarctic Data Centre. (2021). https://doi.org/10.26179/5d37c13fe2ff4
https://data.aad.gov.au/metadata/records/AAS_2941_4101_SRW_tracks

Zerbini, A.N., Rosenbaum, H., Mendez, M., Sucunza, F., Andriolo, A., Harris, G., Clapham, P.J., Sironi, M., Uhart, M. and Aj , A. Tracking southern right whales through the Southwest Atlantic: an update on movements, migratory routes and feeding grounds. Paper SC/66b/BRG26 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, Bled, Slovenia, 7-19 June 2016. 16pp. (2016).

Zerbini, A.N., Ajo, A.F, Andriolo, A., Clapham, P.J., Crespo, E., Gonzalez, R., Harris, G., Mendez, M., Rosenbaum, H., Sironi, M., Sucunza, F., and Uhart, M. Satellite tracking of Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) from Golfo San Mat as, Rio Negro Province, Argentina. Paper SC/67B/CMP/17 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, Bled, Slovenia, 23 April-6 May 2018. 10pp. (2018).

Irvine, L. M., Winsor, M. H., Follett, T. M., Mate, B. R. & Palacios, D. M. An at-sea assessment of Argos location accuracy for three species of large whales, and the effect of deep-diving behavior on location error. Animal Biotelemetry 8, 20 (2020).

Unpublished

Ferguson, S. H., Dueck, L., Loseto, L. L. & Luque, S. P. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) seasonal selection of sea ice. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 411, 285–297 (2010).

Smith, M. A., Goldman, M. S., Knight, E. J. & Warrenchuk, J. J. Ecological Atlas of the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas: Melanie A. Smith, Max S. Goldman, Erika J. Knight, and Jon J. Warrenchuk. (Audubon Alaska, 2017).

Robbins, J. Gulf of Maine Humpback Whales - Centre for Coastal Studies. Movebank (2021). at https://www.movebank.org/cms/webapp?gwt_fragment=page=studies,path=study540299766

Rikardsen, A. Blanchet, M.A.  ien, N. Biuw, M. Broms, F. KLeivane, L. Whaletrack. UiT - The Arctic University of Norway (2022). at https://en.uit.no/prosjekter/prosjekt?p_document_id=505966

Fleming, A. & Jackson, J. Global review of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (2011). at https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/4489/noaa_4489_DS1.pdf

UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) and World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (WD-OECM) [Online], November 2021, Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2021). Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.

CCAMLR MPA data layers, special thanks to Cassandra Brooks, University of Colorado, Boulder (USA).

IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force. Global Dataset of Important Marine Mammal Areas (IUCN-IMMA). February 2022. Made available under agreement on terms of use by the IUCN Joint SSC/ WCPA Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force (2022). Available at www.marinemammalhabitat.org/imma-eatlas

BirdLife International. World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, American Bird Conservancy, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Re:wild, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2021 version (2021). Available at http://keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-data/request

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (n.d.). Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs). Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/marine/EBSAs.shtml

Available at https://www.naturalearthdata.com/

Flanders Marine Institute. Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase: Maritime Boundaries and Exclusive Economic Zones (200NM), version 11 (2019). Downloaded from https://www.marineregions.org/. Last accessed 10 February 2021. https://doi.org/10.14284/386.

FAO. (Date). FAO Major Fishing Areas. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture Division [online]. Rome. [Cited <Date>] [e.g., FAO. (2025). FAO Major Fishing Areas. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture Division [online]. Rome. [Cited May 28, 2025]] 

GISTEMP Team, 2025: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2025-05-01 at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

Avila IC, Kaschner K, Dormann CF (2018) Current global risks to marine mammals: Taking stock of the threats. Biological Conservation 221:44–58.

Global Fishing Watch. 2025. Global Apparent Fishing Effort Dataset, Version 3.0. doi:10.5281/zenodo.14982712

ExactEarth Vessel Traffic Density Layers, (2015). https://www.exactearth.com/product-exactais-densitymaps

Frazier M (2019). Recent pace of change in human impact on the world's ocean: Organic chemical pollution. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity. doi:10.5063/F12805ZF.

Clark, B.L., Carneiro, A.P.B., Pearmain, E.J. et al. Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds. Nat Commun 14, 3665 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38900-z

Jalkanen J-P, Johansson L, Andersson MH, Majamäki E, Sigray P (2022) Underwater noise emissions from ships during 2014–2020. Environmental Pollution 311:119766.

Omara, Mark, Ritesh Gautam, Madeleine O'Brien, Anthony Himmelberger, Alex Franco, Kelsey Meisenhelder, Grace Hauser et al. "Developing a spatially explicit global oil and gas infrastructure database for characterizing methane emission sources at high resolution." Earth System Science Data Discussions 2023 (2023): 1-35.

Avila IC, Kaschner K, Dormann CF (2018) Current global risks to marine mammals: Taking stock of the threats. Biological Conservation 221:44–58.